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Users of waterpipe and smokeless tobacco may have a high probability of developing lung cancer.
Active and former cigarette smokers may have a high rate of occurrence of osteonecrosis of the head of the femur.
Cigarette smoking may promote the formation of diverticuli in the large intestines (colon).
Cigarette smoking may trigger the development of microscopic colitis in men and women.
Cigarette smoking may promote the development of stones in the kidneys, bladder, and urethra.
Cigarette smokers may be at risk of developing diabetic nephropathy.
Cigarette smoking may up an individual's risk of dying from hip fracture.
Smoking may be a potent risk factor for urologic cancers, including bladder, renal, prostate, and upper tract urothelial cancer (UTUC).
Cigarette smoking may aggravate the pain experiences of an individual.